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Dzina la malonda:Ethanol
Mtundu wa Molecular:C2H6O
CAS No:64-17-5
Kapangidwe kazinthu zama cell:
Mowa umasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi ndi zosungunulira organic, koma osasungunuka m'mafuta ndi mafuta. Mowa wokha ndi wosungunulira wabwino, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zodzoladzola, penti ndi ma tinctures[2]. Kuchulukana kwa ethanol pa 68 °F (20 °C) ndi 789 g/l. Mowa wopanda ndale (pH ~ 7). Zakumwa zambiri zoledzeretsa zimakhala zochulukirapo kapena zochepa.
Mowa wa ethanol/ethyl ndi madzi oyaka kwambiri, otsika kwambiri, komanso osakanikirana m'madzi. Mowa ndi wosagwirizana ndi mankhwala ambiri monga amphamvu oxidizing agents, zidulo, alkali zitsulo, ammonia, hydrazine, peroxides, sodium, asidi anhydrides, calcium hypochlorite, chromyl kolorayidi, nitrosyl perchlorate, bromine pentafluoride, perchloric acid, siliva nitrate, mercuric nitrate, potaziyamu tert-butoxide, magnesium perchlorate, asidi chlorides, platinamu, uranium hexafluoride, silver oxide, ayodini heptafluoride, acetyl bromide, disulphuryl difluoride, acetyl chloride, permanganic acid, ruthenium (VIII) oxide, uranyl perchlorate, ndi potaziyamu dioxide.
Zachipatala
Njira yothetsera 70-85% ya ethanol imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo imapha zamoyo pochotsa mapuloteni awo ndikusungunula lipids. Ndiwothandiza polimbana ndi mabakiteriya ambiri ndi mafangasi, ndi ma virus ambiri, koma sagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi spores za bakiteriya. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a ethanol ndi chifukwa chake zakumwa zoledzeretsa zimatha kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali[9]. Mowa ulinso ndi ntchito zambiri zamankhwala, ndipo umapezeka muzinthu monga mankhwala, zopukuta zamankhwala komanso ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu ma gels ambiri opha ma sanitizer. Ethanal itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mankhwala. Imalepheretsa kupanga ma metabolites oopsa mukumwa mowa wapoizoni pokhala ndi kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa enzyme Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH). Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikumeza methanol ndi ethylene glycol. Mowa akhoza kuperekedwa ndi m`kamwa, nasogastric kapena mtsempha wa magazi njira kukhalabe magazi Mowa ndende ya 100-150 mg/dl (22-33 mol/L).
Mafuta
Ethanol imatha kuyaka ndipo imayaka mwaukhondo kuposa mafuta ena ambiri. Ethanol yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto kuyambira pomwe Henry Ford adapanga Model T yake ya 1908 kuti igwiritse ntchito mowa. Ku Brazil ndi ku United States, kugwiritsa ntchito ethanol kuchokera ku nzimbe ndi tirigu monga mafuta agalimoto kwalimbikitsidwa ndi mapulogalamu a boma[11]. Pulogalamu ya ethanol ya ku Brazil inayamba ngati njira yochepetsera kudalira mafuta ochokera kunja, koma posakhalitsa anazindikira kuti inali ndi ubwino wa chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu[12]. Zinthu zomwe zimayaka moto wa ethanol ndi carbon dioxide ndi madzi okha. Pazifukwa izi, ndizochezeka zachilengedwe ndipo zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kupaka mabasi aboma ku US. Komabe, ethanol yoyera imawononga zida zina za mphira ndi pulasitiki ndipo sangathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini zamagalimoto zosasinthidwa.
Mafuta ena opangidwa ndi mowa omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi petulo kuti apange mafuta okwera kwambiri octane komanso mpweya woipa wocheperako kuposa mafuta osakanizidwa. A osakaniza munali mafuta ndi osachepera 10% Mowa amadziwika kuti gasohol. Makamaka, mafuta omwe ali ndi 10% ethanol amadziwika kuti E10. Mtundu wina wamafuta wamafuta ndi E15, womwe uli ndi 15% ethanol ndi 85% yamafuta. E15 ndiyoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto a Flex Fuel kapena magalimoto ochepa kwambiri [14]. Komanso, E85 ndi mawu ntchito osakaniza 15% mafuta ndi 85% Mowa. E85 imapangitsa kuti mafuta azikhala oyera chifukwa amawotcha kuposa gasi wamba kapena dizilo ndipo samasiya ma depositi a gummy. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1999, magalimoto angapo ku US adapangidwa kuti athe kuyendetsa mafuta a E85 popanda kusinthidwa. Magalimoto amenewa nthawi zambiri amalembedwa kuti ndi amafuta apawiri kapena amafuta osinthasintha, chifukwa amatha kuzindikira okha mtundu wamafuta ndikusintha momwe injiniyo imagwirira ntchito kuti zigwirizane ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimawotchera mu masilinda a injini.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mafuta a ethanol-diesel kukukula padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo apangidwa kuti apereke njira zowonjezera, zoyeretsera zoyaka mafuta m'malo mwa zipangizo zapamsewu, mabasi, magalimoto oyendetsa galimoto ndi magalimoto ena omwe amayendera mafuta a dizilo. Ndi kuwonjezera kwa ethanol ndi zina zowonjezera mafuta ku dizilo, utsi wakuda wa dizilo umachotsedwa ndipo pamakhala kuchepa kwakukulu kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, carbon monoxide, ndi nitrogen oxide. Ndizothekanso kugwiritsa ntchito Mowa pophikira m'malo mwa nkhuni, makala, propane, kapena m'malo mwa mafuta oyaka, monga palafini.
Brazil ndi United States akutsogolera kupanga mafakitale mafuta Mowa, mlandu pamodzi 89% ya kupanga dziko mu 2008. Poyerekeza ndi USA ndi Brazil, Europe Mowa kwa kupanga mafuta akadali wodzichepetsa kwambiri. Dziko la Brazil ndi dziko lachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi pakupanga mafuta a ethanol komanso padziko lonse lapansi amene amatumiza kunja.
Chakumwa
Mowa wambiri umapangidwa m'misika yazakumwa ndi mafakitale kuchokera kuzinthu zaulimi. Mowa opangidwa m'mafakitale amenewa amasiyana Mowa kwa mafuta mwa mphamvu yake, amene akhoza zosiyanasiyana pakati pa 96% ndi 99,9% ndi chiyero, malingana ndi ntchito mapeto. Makampani a zakumwa ndi zakumwa akhoza kukhala odziwika kwambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mowa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mitundu yambiri ya mizimu, monga vodka, gin ndi anisette. Miyezo ndi njira zapamwamba zimafunikira pa ethanal yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakumwa zamzimu.
Ena
Mowa womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mkhalapakati wamakampani opanga mankhwala, mankhwala kapena zodzoladzola nthawi zambiri umakhala wapamwamba kwambiri komanso wangwiro. Iyi ndi misika yamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha njira zowonjezera pakupanga mowa zomwe ndizofunikira kuti mukwaniritse chiyero chofunikira. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwezo ndi zofunikira zaukhondo zimagwiranso ntchito m'makampani azakudya, monga zokometsera ndi fungo lokhazika mtima pansi komanso kuchuluka kwake, komanso utoto ndi zoyezera kutentha. Ethanol angagwiritsidwe ntchito mu de-icer kapena anti-freeze kuchotsa chotchinga chakutsogolo cha galimoto. Mulinso mafuta onunkhiritsa, ma deodorants, ndi zodzoladzola zina
Chemwin ikhoza kupereka ma hydrocarbon ambiri ambiri ndi zosungunulira zamankhwala kwa makasitomala aku mafakitale.Izi zisanachitike, chonde werengani mfundo zotsatirazi zokhuza kuchita bizinesi nafe:
1. Chitetezo
Chitetezo ndicho chofunikira kwambiri chathu. Kuphatikiza pa kupatsa makasitomala chidziwitso chokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino komanso kusamala zachilengedwe kwa zinthu zathu, tadziperekanso kuwonetsetsa kuti chiwopsezo chachitetezo cha ogwira ntchito ndi makontrakitala chikuchepetsedwa kukhala chocheperako komanso chotheka. Choncho, tikufuna kuti kasitomala awonetsetse kuti miyezo yoyenera yotsitsa ndi kusunga chitetezo ikukwaniritsidwa tisanaperekedwe (chonde onani zowonjezera za HSSE pazogulitsa zomwe zili pansipa). Akatswiri athu a HSSE atha kupereka chitsogozo pamiyezo iyi.
2. Njira yobweretsera
Makasitomala amatha kuyitanitsa ndikutumiza zinthu kuchokera ku chemwin, kapena atha kulandira zinthu kuchokera kumakampani athu opanga. Njira zoyendera zomwe zilipo zikuphatikiza magalimoto, njanji kapena ma multimodal (mikhalidwe yosiyana imagwira ntchito).
Pankhani ya zofuna za makasitomala, titha kufotokoza zofunikira za mabwato kapena akasinja ndikugwiritsa ntchito miyezo yapadera yachitetezo / kuwunika ndi zofunikira.
3. Kuchuluka kwa dongosolo lochepa
Ngati mumagula zinthu patsamba lathu, kuchuluka kwa madongosolo ocheperako ndi matani 30.
4.Kulipira
Njira yolipirira yokhazikika imachotsedwa mwachindunji mkati mwa masiku 30 kuchokera pa invoice.
5. Zolemba zotumizira
Malemba otsatirawa amaperekedwa pakubweretsa kulikonse:
· Bill of Lading, CMR Waybill kapena chikalata china chamayendedwe
· Satifiketi Yowunikira kapena Yogwirizana (ngati pakufunika)
· Zolemba zokhudzana ndi HSSE mogwirizana ndi malamulo
· Zolemba za kasitomu mogwirizana ndi malamulo (ngati pakufunika)