Urea, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti urea kapena carbamide, imakhala ndi mankhwala otchedwa CH4N2O kapena CO (NH2) 2. Ndi organic compound yopangidwa ndi carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, ndi hydrogen, ndipo ndi kristalo woyera.Chimodzi mwazinthu zosavuta kwambiri za organic ndi chinthu chachikulu chokhala ndi nayitrogeni cha metabolism ya protein ndikuwola kwa nyama zoyamwitsa ndi nsomba zina.Monga feteleza wosalowerera ndale, urea ndi yoyenera dothi ndi zomera zosiyanasiyana.Ndiosavuta kusunga, yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, ndipo sichiwononga kwambiri nthaka.Ndi feteleza wa nayitrogeni wamankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni.Urea amapangidwa nthawi zina pogwiritsa ntchito ammonia ndi carbon dioxide m'makampani.
Urea amatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi zidulo kupanga mchere.Ili ndi hydrolysis.Pakutentha kwambiri, ma condensation amatha kupangidwa kuti apange biuret, triuret, ndi cyanuric acid.Kutenthetsa mpaka 160 ℃ kuti kuwola, kutulutsa mpweya wa ammonia ndikuusintha kukhala isocyanate.Chifukwa chakuti mankhwalawa amapezeka mumkodzo wa munthu, amatchedwa urea.Urea ili ndi 46% nayitrogeni (N), womwe ndi nayitrogeni wapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa feteleza wolimba wa nayitrogeni.
Urea imatha kupanga hydrolyze kuti ipange ammonia ndi carbon dioxide pochita ma acid, maziko, ndi ma enzymes (ma acids ndi maziko amafunikira kutentha).
Chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwa kutentha, kutentha kwa 150-160 ℃ kumapangitsa kuti biuret iwonongeke.Copper sulphate imakhudzidwa ndi biuret mumtundu wofiirira ndipo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira urea.Ngati itenthedwa mwachangu, imasinthidwa kukhala deammonized ndi trimeric kuti ipange gawo limodzi la cyclic, cyanuric acid.
Acetylurea ndi diacetylurea zitha kupangidwa pochita ndi acetyl chloride kapena acetic anhydride.
Pansi pa zochita za sodium ethanol, imakhudzidwa ndi diethyl malonate kupanga malonylurea (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti barbituric acid, chifukwa cha acidity).
Pansi pa zochita za alkaline catalysts monga ammonia, amatha kuchita ndi formaldehyde ndi condense mu urea formaldehyde utomoni.
Yankhani ndi hydrazine hydrate kuti mupange aminourea.
-Kulemera kwa maselo: 60.06 g / mol
- Kachulukidwe: 768 kg/m3
-Posungunuka: 132.7C
-Kutentha kwapakati: 5.78 mpaka 6cal/gr
-Kutentha kwamoto: 2531 zopatsa mphamvu / gramu
-Chinyezi chovuta kwambiri (30 ° C): 73%
-Salinity index: 75.4
-Kuwononga: Imawononga chitsulo cha kaboni, koma sichiwononga aluminium, zinki ndi mkuwa.Sizikuwononga magalasi ndi zitsulo zapadera.
1. Urea ikasungidwa molakwika, imakhala yosavuta kuyamwa chinyontho ndi tsinde, zomwe zimasokoneza urea woyambirira ndikuwononga chuma cha alimi.Izi zimafuna alimi kusunga urea moyenera.Musanagwiritse ntchito, m'pofunika kusunga thumba la urea kuti likhale bwino.Poyendetsa, iyenera kuyendetsedwa mosamala, kutetezedwa ku mvula, ndikusungidwa pamalo owuma, opanda mpweya wabwino ndi kutentha kosachepera 20 ℃.
2. Ngati yasungidwa mochuluka, matabwa amatabwa ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kubisala pansi pafupifupi masentimita 20, ndipo payenera kukhala kusiyana kwa masentimita 50 pakati pa pamwamba ndi denga kuti athetse mpweya wabwino ndi kutaya chinyezi.Njira iyenera kusiyidwa pakati pa milu.Kuthandizira kuyendera ndi mpweya wabwino.Ngati urea yomwe yatsegulidwa kale sikugwiritsidwa ntchito, m'pofunika kusindikiza pakamwa pa thumba mu nthawi yake kuti muthe kugwiritsa ntchito chaka chamawa.
3. Pewani kukhudza khungu ndi maso.
Feteleza: 90% ya urea yomwe imapangidwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza.Amawonjezeredwa kunthaka ndipo amapereka nayitrogeni kwa zomera.Low biuret (osakwana 0.03%) urea amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza wa masamba.Zimasungunuka m'madzi ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasamba a zomera, makamaka zipatso ndi zipatso za citrus.
Feteleza wa urea ali ndi mwayi wopereka nayitrogeni wambiri, womwe ndi wofunikira kwambiri pakupanga kagayidwe kazakudya ndipo umagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kuchuluka kwa tsinde ndi masamba omwe amamwa kuwala kwa photosynthesis.Kuphatikiza apo, nayitrogeni imapezeka mu mavitamini ndi mapuloteni, ndipo imagwirizana ndi mapuloteni omwe ali mumbewu.
Urea amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzomera zosiyanasiyana.Feteleza ndi kofunika chifukwa nthaka imataya nayitrogeni wambiri pakakololera.Urea particles amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nthaka, yomwe imayenera kugwira ntchito bwino komanso kukhala ndi mabakiteriya ambiri.Ntchitoyi ikhoza kupangidwa panthawi yobzala kapena kale.Kenako, urea imapangidwa ndi hydrolyzed ndikuwola.
Chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa pothira urea moyenera m'nthaka.Ngati igwiritsidwa ntchito pamtunda, kapena ngati sichinaphatikizidwe m'nthaka pogwiritsa ntchito moyenera, mvula, kapena kuthirira, ammonia amasanduka nthunzi ndipo kutayika ndikofunikira kwambiri.Kuperewera kwa nayitrogeni muzomera kumawonekera pakuchepa kwa masamba ndi kuchepa kwa ntchito ya photosynthetic.
Unyezi wa masamba: Kuthira ubwamuna m’masamba ndi chizolowezi chakale, koma nthawi zambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wokhudzana ndi nthaka kumakhala kochepa, makamaka pochuluka.Komabe, zolemba zina zapadziko lonse lapansi zikuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito urea wocheperako kumatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa feteleza omwe amathiridwa m'nthaka popanda kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito, kukula kwake, komanso mtundu wa zipatso.Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi urea pang'ono ndikothandiza ngati kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa m'nthaka.Kuphatikiza pa mapulani ogwira mtima a feteleza, izi zimatsimikizira mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito feteleza molumikizana ndi mankhwala ena aulimi.
Mankhwala ndi mapulasitiki: Urea amapezeka mu zomatira, mapulasitiki, utomoni, inki, mankhwala, ndi zomalizitsa za nsalu, mapepala, ndi zitsulo.
Chakudya cha ziweto: Urea amasakanikirana ndi chakudya cha ng'ombe ndipo amapereka nayitrogeni, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri pakupanga mapuloteni.
Kupanga utomoni: Urea formaldehyde resin ndi utomoni wina umakhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana m'makampani, monga kupanga plywood.Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito muzodzoladzola ndi penti.
Chemwin ikhoza kupereka ma hydrocarbon ambiri ambiri ndi zosungunulira zamankhwala kwa makasitomala aku mafakitale.Izi zisanachitike, chonde werengani mfundo zotsatirazi zokhuza kuchita bizinesi nafe:
1. Chitetezo
Chitetezo ndicho chofunikira kwambiri chathu.Kuphatikiza pa kupatsa makasitomala chidziwitso chokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino komanso kusamala zachilengedwe kwa zinthu zathu, tadziperekanso kuwonetsetsa kuti chiwopsezo chachitetezo cha ogwira ntchito ndi makontrakitala chikuchepetsedwa kukhala chocheperako komanso chotheka.Choncho, tikufuna kuti kasitomala awonetsetse kuti miyezo yoyenera yotsitsa ndi kusunga chitetezo ikukwaniritsidwa tisanaperekedwe (chonde onani zowonjezera za HSSE pazogulitsa zomwe zili pansipa).Akatswiri athu a HSSE atha kupereka chitsogozo pamiyezo iyi.
2. Njira yobweretsera
Makasitomala amatha kuyitanitsa ndikutumiza zinthu kuchokera ku chemwin, kapena atha kulandira zinthu kuchokera kumakampani athu opanga.Njira zoyendera zomwe zilipo zikuphatikiza magalimoto, njanji kapena ma multimodal (mikhalidwe yosiyana imagwira ntchito).
Pankhani ya zofuna za makasitomala, titha kufotokoza zofunikira za mabwato kapena akasinja ndikugwiritsa ntchito miyezo yapadera yachitetezo / kuwunika ndi zofunikira.
3. Kuchuluka kwa dongosolo lochepa
Ngati mumagula zinthu patsamba lathu, kuchuluka kwa madongosolo ocheperako ndi matani 30.
4.Kulipira
Njira yolipirira yokhazikika imachotsedwa mwachindunji mkati mwa masiku 30 kuchokera pa invoice.
5. Zolemba zotumizira
Malemba otsatirawa amaperekedwa pakubweretsa kulikonse:
· Bill of Lading, CMR Waybill kapena chikalata china chamayendedwe
· Satifiketi Yowunikira kapena Yogwirizana (ngati pakufunika)
· Zolemba zokhudzana ndi HSSE mogwirizana ndi malamulo
· Zolemba za kasitomu mogwirizana ndi malamulo (ngati pakufunika)
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