Nkhaniyi ifotokoza zinthu zazikuluzikulu mu China C3 C3 yopanga mafakitale ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo.

(1)Makhalidwe apano ndi zochitika za polypropylene (ma pp) ukadaulo

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wathu, pali njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira Polypropylene (pp) ku China, komwe nthawi yofunikira kwambiri ndi kampani ya Dynderbasell, njira ya Spoolon ya kampani yam'madzi yam'madzi, ndi njira zotere za ku Lyndellbaasell. Njira izi zimasungidwanso kwambiri ndi mabizinesi achi China. Matekinoloje awa amawongolera kuchuluka kwa ma propylene mkati mwa 1.01-1.02.

Chitoliro cha mphete yapanyumba chimatengera ZN zomwe zidali zotsogola payekha, zomwe zikulamuliridwa ndi chipambuthunzi chachiwiri cha Seven Stewal. Njirayi imakhazikitsidwa ndi othandizira pawokha, asymmetric elekinol ukadaulo, ndi ma propylene andylemer Technology, ethylene Widymerization Copsolymerization Copsolymerization pp. Mwachitsanzo, makampani monga Shanghai Petrochemical chachitatu, Zhenhai choyenga ndi mankhwala oyamba ndi mizere yachiwiri, ndi mzere wachiwiri onse adagwiritsa ntchito izi. Ndi kuchuluka kwa malo atsopano opanga mtsogolo, mawonekedwe opumbira a chilengedwe akuyembekezeka kukhala pang'onopang'ono pangozi ya chilengedwe cha chilengedwe.

Njira yogwirizira mankhwalawa imatha kupanga mafakitale a horopolil, ndikusungunuka (MFR) osiyanasiyana 0,5 ~ 100g / 10min. Kuphatikiza apo, kachigawo kakang'ono kwa Ethylene Coptolymer Oncomers omwe ali mu porsolymers akhoza kufikira 5.5%. Njirayi imathanso kutulutsa katswiri wa mafayilo okwanira kwa Propylene ndi 1-Butene (dzina la malonda a Scor Ce), ndi gawo lalikulu la mphira mpaka 14%. Gawo laling'ono la ethylene lomwe limapangitsa kuti Copymer yopangidwa ndi makina ophatikizidwa amatha kufikira 21% (kachilombo ka HAUS (Right rabar ndi 35%). Njirayi yagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo a asitikali monga fusin petrochemical ndi Sichuan Peramchemical.

Njira ya Innovene imatha kupanga zinthu zogulitsa zokhala ndi zosungunuka zosiyanasiyana. Kulimba kwake ndikokwera kuposa njira zina zamagesi. MFR ya Copy ya Copymer ndi 2-35g / 10min, ndi kachigawo kakang'ono ka ethylene kuyambira 7% mpaka 8%. Zogulitsa za MFR zogonjetsedwa ndi 1-35g / 10min, ndi kachigawo kakang'ono ka ethylene kuyambira 5% mpaka 17%.

Pakadali pano, ukadaulo wopanga wa PP ku China ndikhwima kwambiri. Kumwa Mabizinesi okhazikika pa polypropyylene okhazikika mwachitsanzo, palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakupanga unit unit, kukonza mtengo, phindu, ndi zina. Kuchokera pakuwona magulu opanga zopangidwa ndi njira zosiyana, njira zazikuluzikulu zimatha kuphimba gawo lonselo. Komabe, poganizira magulu omwe ali ndi mabizinesi omwe alipo, pali zosiyana zochulukitsa m'mabizinesi osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha zinthu zina chifukwa cha zinthu monga geography, ndi zida zophika.

(2)Machitidwe apano ndi zochitika zamakono za ma acid a acrylic ad

Acrylic acid ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chopangira zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zomatira ndi zokutira zosungunulira madzi, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapangidwanso mu butyl acrylate ndi zinthu zina. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, pali njira zingapo zopangira ma acid acid, kuphatikiza njira yofananira, njira yosinthira, formylonile hythalysin njira, ndi kwachipongwe Njira. Ngakhale pali njira zingapo zokonzekera achlilic acid, ndipo ambiri aiwo agwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale, njira yopanga kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi idakalipo maxidation a Proryles.

Zida zopangira zopanga acrylic acid kudzera ma okopuka nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo nthunzi, mpweya, ndi ma propylene. Pakupanga, izi zitatu zogulira zimachitikira kudzera pa bedi lothandizirana. Pulogalamu yoyamba ya oxidized ku Acrolein mu ribory, kenako oxidized kwa acrilic acid mu riyakitala yachiwiri. Mphamvu yamadzi imatenga gawo la kuwombera uku, kupewa kuphulika ndikugonjetsa mbadwo wa zinthu zoyipa. Komabe, kuwonjezera pakupanga acrylic acid, izi zimapangitsanso acetic acid ndi kaboni maboni m'basi chifukwa cha zomwe zimachitika.

Malinga ndi kufufuza kwa pingtou, chinsinsi cha ma acrylic acid magwiridwe kaukadaulo kumagona pakusankha kwa catalyststs. Pakadali pano, makampani omwe amatha kupereka uluri a acclic ad kudzera magudakadation amaphatikizapo SEhio ku United States Company, Mitsubishi mankhwala kampani ku Germany, ndi jats Technology.

Kukonzekera kwa Adoki ku United States ndi njira yofunika yopanga acirchlic acid kudzera mu prowyyne oxidation, yodziwika bwino oxisis ngati othandizira, motero. Pansi pa njirayi, zokolola chimodzi za acrylic ad amatha kufikira pafupifupi 80% (molar ratio). Ubwino wa njira ya Adoki ndi kuti magawo awiriwa achulukitsa moyo wa chothandizira, kufikira 2 zaka. Komabe, njirayi imakhala ndi vuto lomwe lingakhale losakhazikika.

Njira ya Basf: Kuyambira kumapeto kwa m'ma 1960, Basf yakhala ikufufuza popanga acrylic acid kudzera ma okopuka. Njira yoyambira imagwiritsa ntchito mou kapena mo coalsts to probylene oxidation, ndipo zokolola chimodzi za Acrolein zomwe zimapezeka zimatha pafupifupi 80% (molar ratio). Pambuyo pake, kugwiritsa ntchito mo, w, v, ndi zotengera zotengera, acrolein anali okhazikika kwa acrylic acid, ndi zochulukirapo za 90% (molar ratio). Moyo wothandiza wa njira ya basf amatha kufikira zaka 4 ndipo njirayi ndi yosavuta. Komabe, njirayi imakhala ndi zovuta monga solvent wowira, kuyeretsa pafupipafupi, zida zambiri, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri.

Njira yothandizira ku Japan: Zojambula ziwiri zokhazikika pamindandanda ndi njira yofananira ndi nsanja imagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Gawo loyamba ndikulowa muyeso wazomwe mu Mou a Bi B Bitch monga, kenako gwiritsani ntchito mo, v, ndi cu showite stuarst monga a riyakitala yachiwiri, yothandizidwa ndi Monoxide. Pansi pa njirayi, zokolola chimodzi za acrylic ad ndi pafupifupi 83-86% (molar ratio). Njira yothandizira ku Japan imatengera mmodzi wokhazikika wokhazikika ndi malo olekanitsa a Tower, omwe ali ndi zida zapamwamba, zokolola zapamwamba kwambiri, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa mphamvu. Njirayi ndi imodzi mwazinthu zapamwamba kwambiri zopangira, par ndi mitsubishi njira ku Japan.

(3)Makhalidwe apano ndi zochitika zaluso za THYYL Acrylach Technology

Butyl acrylate ndi madzi opanda utoto omwe amakhumudwa m'madzi ndipo amatha kusakanikirana ndi ethanol ndi ether. Izi zimafunikira kusungidwa m'malo osungiramo zinthu zabwino komanso zopumira. Acrylic acid ndi eds amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani. Sangogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga modmenter yofewa ya ma acstete ndi mafuta odzola, komanso kuphatikizika ndi ma pormelyrmer kuti akhale poilymer kukhala pakati.

Pakadali pano, kupanga kwa ophatikizira kwa ntyyl kumaphatikizapo momwe acrylic amakhudzira a acrylic acid ndi butanol pamaso pa Toluene Sulfonic acid kuti apangidwe ndi madzi. Ndondomeko yokhudza njirayi ndi njira yosinthira, ndipo malo owiritsa a acrylic acid ndi mankhwala asyl ayandikira kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ndizovuta kupasiya acrylic ac pogwiritsa ntchito distillation, ndipo osavomerezeka aclic acid sangathe kubwezeretsedwanso.

Njirayi imatchedwa burrylate ma acteterication njira, makamaka kuchokera ku Jilin Petrochemical Engideeengs Instituteke ndi mabungwe ena ofananira. Tekinolojeyi ilinso yokhwima kwambiri, ndipo yogwiritsa ntchito gawo la acrylic acid ndi n-butanol ndiyodziwika kwambiri, ndikutha kuwongolera zogwiritsidwa ntchito mu 0.6. Komanso, ukadaulo uwu wakwaniritsa mgwirizano ndi kusamutsa.

(4)Makhalidwe apano ndi zochitika za chitukuko cha CPP

Kanema wa CPP amapangidwa kuchokera ku polypropylene ngati zinthu zazikuluzikulu kudzera njira zosinthira monga momwe zimapangidwira kufa. Kanemayu ali ndi kutsutsana kwabwino kwambiri ndipo, chifukwa cha kuzizira kwake mwachangu, kumatha kupanga mawonekedwe abwino komanso owoneka bwino. Chifukwa chake, pakuthana ndi mapulogalamu omwe amafunikira kumveka bwino, CPP filimu yomwe mumakonda. Kugwiritsa ntchito kaphikidwe kofala kwambiri kwa CPP kunyamula chakudya, komanso popanga aluminiyamu yokutidwa, kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa, ndikusunga zipatso.

Pakadali pano, kupanga mafilimu a CP kalikidwe makamaka ndi kutupa. Njira iyi yopanga ili ndi ma extropers angapo, ogulitsa a mitundu yambiri (yodziwika bwino ngati "odyetsa", mitu yopingasa, njira zopingasa, ndi makina owopsa. Makhalidwe akuluakulu a machitidwe awa ndi malo abwino odzikongoletsa, kusunthika kwambiri, kulekerera kwa makulidwe abwino, kugwiritsa ntchito makina abwino, komanso kuwonekera kwa mafilimu owonda. Akuluakulu apadziko lonse lapansi a CPP amagwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizira njira, ndipo zida zamakono zimakhwima.

Kuyambira pakati pa 1980s, China yayamba kuyambitsa zida zachinayi zopanga filimu, koma ambiri aiwo ndi nyumba zosambika ndipo zimakhala za gawo lalikulu. Atalowa mu 1990s, China adadziwitsa anthu opanga mafilimu opanga mitundu monga Germany, Japan, Italy, ndi Austria. Zida ndi mateboloji ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya ku China. Zipangizo zazikuluzikulu zimaphatikizapo Bruckner's Bruckner, Bartenfield, Leifnauuer, ndi Orchid a Austria. Popeza 2000, China chalimbikitsa mizere yotukuka kwambiri, ndipo zida zopangidwa mwamphamvu zakhala zikuchitikanso mwachangu.

Komabe, poyerekeza ndi mulingo wapadziko lonse lapansi, padalipo kapinga kaokha, kuwongolera kosinthika kwa mutu, njira yosinthira pa intaneti, ndi kuwongolera kokha kwa zida zapakhomo. Pakadali pano, zida zazikulu zimathandizira ukadaulo wa CPP Ogulitsa akunja awa ali ndi zabwino zokhudzana ndi zochita zazodzi komanso zina. Komabe, njira yomwe ilili ili kale, ndipo kusintha kwamphamvu kwaukadaulo wa zida kumatha, ndipo palibenso kugwirira ntchito.

(5)Mkhalidwe waposachedwa ndi zochitika zamakono za ukadaulo wa acrylonitrile

Ma Pro Prodia Ammonia oxidation ndiye njira yayikulu yopanga zamalonda yopanga acrylonile, ndipo pafupifupi opanga onse a acrylonile akugwiritsa ntchito BP (Sohio) othandizira. Komabe, palinso opereka chithandizo china chothandizira kusankha, monga Mitsubisi Rayon (kale ndi asahi Kusensi kuchokera ku Japan, kukwera solutia) kuchokera ku United States, komwe kale ndi Sinomea.

Zoposa 95% ya zomera za Acrylonile zimagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa ma promiya a asntembs (omwe amadziwikanso kuti Adohio Njira) Yaukadaulo) Waukadaulo ndi Kupanga BP. Tekinolojiyi imagwiritsa ntchito ma propyle, ammonia, mpweya, ndi madzi monga zida zoweta, ndikulowa m'Chiycaction molingana. Pakugwira ntchito phosphorous Molybdenum Bissuth kapena a Ant Mitalytsts omwe amathandizidwa ndi silica gel, acrylonile amapangidwa pa kutentha kwa 400-500℃ndi kupanikizika kwa mlengalenga. Kenako, pambuyo pa kulowerera mndandanda, mayamwidwe, kuchotsa, dehydronation, ndi mtunda wa magawo omaliza, chinthu chomaliza cha acrylonile chimapezeka. Zokolola zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke 75%, ndipo zopangidwazo zimaphatikizapo acetonitrile, hydrogen cymorden, ndi ammonium sulfate. Njirayi imakhala ndi phindu lalikulu kwambiri lopanga mafakitale.

Kuyambira 1984, sinopoc asaina pangano la nthawi yayitali ndi malingaliro ndipo waloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa acrylonitrile ku China. Pambuyo pazaka Zachitukuko, Sinopec Shanghai Perrochemical Inshuwaration adapanga njira yaukadaulo yopangira ma acrylonia Ammonia a AQMolomac Aqlomatrile. Ntchitoyi idagwira bwino ntchito mu Januware 2014, zikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma acrylonile a acrylonile matani 80000 matani a matani 210000, ndikukhala gawo lofunikira la ackalalotrile.

Pakadali pano, makampani padziko lonse lapansi okhala ndi ma Patenton Ammonia Ammonia amaphatikizapo BP, SUOS, ASAS, Asahicac, ndi sinolomac. Njira iyi yopanga iyi ndi yokhwima komanso yosavuta kupeza, ndipo China yapezanso ukadaulo uwu, ndipo ntchito yake siikutsika ndi matekinoloje akunja.

(6)Mkhalidwe waposachedwa ndi zochitika zaposachedwa wa ad

Malinga ndi kafukufukuyu, njira ya njira ya chipangizochi imagawika njira yolumikizira mafuta komanso njira yopitilira pake. ABS adayamba kupangidwa malinga ndi kusintha kwa polystyyrene utoto. Mu 1947, kampani ya ku Eleabram waku America idatengera njira yophatikizira kuti akwaniritse mafakitale a mabrin; Mu 1954, kampani ya Borr-Wamer ku United States idayamba kumesi kumesi kumeza kulumikizana pohrinry ab abrmered pollmered abrin ndikuzindikira mafakitale. Maonekedwe a ma grefting a Loting adalimbikitsa kukula kwa malonda a a ABS. Kuyambira m'ma 1970, ukadaulo wopanga ukadaulo wa abs walowa nthawi yayitali.

Njira yogwirira ntchito ndi njira yopitilira yopanga, yomwe imaphatikizapo njira zinayi: kapangidwe ka bunyadiene latmer, kaphatikizidwe ka ma styrene ndi ma acrylonile a ma polima, ndi malo ogwirira ntchito. Njira yoyenda ili imaphatikizapo pbl unit, kugwirira ntchito unit, san Unit, ndi kuphatikizika. Njira iyi yopanga imakula mwaukadaulo ndipo yaikidwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Pakadali pano, ukadaulo wokhwima makamaka amafika pamakampani monga LG ku South Korea, ku Japan ku United States, ku South Korea, ndi ukadaulo wa Kellogg ku United States, onse zomwe zili ndi gawo lapadziko lonse lapansi lokhwima mwaukadaulo. Ndi chitukuko mosalekeza kwa ukadaulo, njira zopangira za AB zimawonjezeranso kusintha ndi kukonza. M'tsogolo, zothandiza, zokhala ndi zachilengedwe, komanso mphamvu zopulumutsa mphamvu zimatha ikatuluke, kubweretsa mipata yambiri ndi zovuta zambiri pakupanga makampani a mankhwala.

(7)Ukadaulo waluso ndi chitukuko cha N-Buttanol

Malinga ndi zowona, ukadaulo waukulu kwambiri wa kaphatikizidwe wa andanol ndi octanol padziko lonse lapansi ndi madzi ocheperako a carbonyl otsika. Zida zazikulu za njirayi ndi Pronsosi ndi Synthesis Gasi. Pakati pawo, ma prownne makamaka amachokera ku mawonekedwe ophatikizika, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma propylene pakati pa 0,6 ndi 0,,,62 matani. Mafuta opaka mafuta amakonzedwa kwambiri kuchokera pampweya wotuluka kapena mpweya wopangidwa ndi mpweya, wokhala ndi unit yodyera pakati pa 700 ndi 720 cubic metres.

Maukadaulo otsika otsika a Carbonyl omwe adapangidwa ndi Dow / David - gawo la gawo la gawo lamadzi limakhala ndi zabwino monga maslelyne otetezera apamwamba, moyo wautali wokhalitsa, ndikuchepetsa mpweya wambiri. Njirayi ndi yaukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri wopangidwa ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku China anifupi ndi mabizinesi octanol.

Poganizira za TOW / David ukadawuwulika ndipo ungagwiritsidwe ntchito mogwirizana ndi mabizinesi apakhomo, mabizinesi ambiri adzaika ukadaulo posankha kuyikapo mayunitsi a anitanol, kutsatiridwa ndiukadaulo wapakhomo.

(8)Makhalidwe apano ndi zochitika zaposachedwa za ukadaulo wa polyacrylonile

Polyacrylonile (poto) amapezeka kudzera mu slymerization waulere wa acrylonimile ndipo ndi gawo lofunikira pokonzekera acrylonile ulusi wa acrylonile (ma pollosillonile a kaboni? Imawoneka ngati mawonekedwe oyera kapena pang'ono akhaka℃. Itha kusungunuka mu polar ortic ortic monga Dimethylfirmormide (DMF) ndi Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO), komanso m'malo osinthira a Thiornanate ndi Perchlote. Kukonzekera kwa polyacrylonile makamaka kumaphatikizapo njira yothetsera polymerization kapena kulowetsa polymerization wa acrylonitrile (a) monomers yachiwiri ndi iyomer.

Pol elcirrylonile amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ulusi wa acrylic, womwe umapanga ulusi wopangidwa kuchokera ku ma acrylonile a acrylonile ndi pedya kwambiri kuposa 85%. Malinga ndi ma sol sol ntchito, amatha kusiyanitsidwa ngati dimethyl muluxide (DMSO), Dimethyl Acetamide (Nadcn), ndi Dimethyl Lormide (DMF). Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ma sol sol ndiye kusandulika kwawo ku Polyacrylonile, komwe sikuvuta kwambiri pakupanga kwa polymerization. Kuphatikiza apo, malinga ndi ma kovonondo osiyanasiyana, amatha kugawidwa kukhala itatu Zogulitsa za polymerization zimachitika.

Njira yophatikizira ikhoza kukhala gawo limodzi kapena magawo awiri. Njira imodzi yolumikizira ikunena za polymerization wa acrylonitrile ndi okonlamers mu yankho nthawi yomweyo, ndipo mankhwalawa amatha kukonzedwa mwachindunji kukhala yankho mwachindunji popanda kupatukana. Lamulo la magawo awiri likunena za kuyimitsidwa kwa ma polymerization a acrylonitrile ndi okongoletsa m'madzi kuti apeze polima, yemwe amalekanitsidwa, kutsuka, komanso njira zina zopangira yankho. Pakadali pano, njira yapadziko lonse yopangira polyocrylonile ndiyofanana, chifukwa chosiyana kwambiri ndi njira zowonera polymerization ndi coolomers. Pakadali pano, ulusi wa polyacrylonile m'maiko osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi amapangidwa kuchokera ku ma denulmers a acrylonile kwa 90% ndi kuwonjezera kwa monomer wachiwiri kuyambira 5% mpaka 8%. Cholinga chowonjezera monomer wachiwiri ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yamakina, kukwezedwa, ndi kapangidwe ka zingwe, komanso kusintha magwiridwe antchito. Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimaphatikizapo MMA, Ma, Make a Vinyate, ndi zina zowonjezera. ogawidwa m'magulu a utoto ndi utoto wa acidic.

Pakadali pano, Japan ndiye woimira padziko lonse lapansi kwa polyocrylonintile, kutsatiridwa ndi maiko monga Germany ndi United States. Mabizinesi oyimilira amaphatikizapo zolttek, hexcel, Cytec ndi Altec ndi Aldea ndi United States. Pakadali pano, ukadaulo wopanga ukadaulo wa polyacrylonile umakhwima, ndipo palibe malo ambiri osintha matenda.